UNIT : 1 – RAJASTHANI SCHOOL OF MINIATURE PAINTING

The Rajasthani Schools of Painting are a perfect blend of culture, history, and artistic mastery. The characteristics and contributions of these schools need to be understood by CBSE Class 12 Fine Arts students. These notes will provide an in-depth overview that will help you understand key concepts for board exams and beyond.

Origin  And  Development

• Rajasthani school originated in Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh in the present time, such as Mewar, Bundi, Kota, Jaipur, Bikaner, Kishangarh, Jodhpur (Marwar), Malwa, Sirohi between the 16th and early 19th centuries.
• Scholar Anand Coomaraswamy in 1916 coined the term ‘Rajput Paintings’. Paintings were painted on waslis—layered, thin sheets of handmade papers glued together to get the desired thickness.
• Camel and squirrel hair were used in brushes.
• By the impact of Apabhransha style Rajasthani school came into being and was called as Rajasthani, Rajput or Hindu school of painting.
• In the beginning the paintings of this school remain confined to different kings for their amusement. The artist initially prepared the precious paintings for royal court but gradually paintings reach the common folk.

Themes of Paintings – An Overview

By the sixteenth century, Vaishvanism in the cults of Rama and Krishna had become popular in many parts of western, northern and central India as part of the Bhakti movement.

• The 12th century by Jayadeva, who is believed to have been the court poet of Lakshmana Sen of Bengal, Gita Govinda, the ‘Song of the Cowherd’, is a lyrical poem in Sanskrit, evoking shringara rasa, portraying the mystical love between Radha and Krishna through worldly imageries.
• Bhanu Datta, a Maithil Brahmin who lived in Bihar in the fourteenth century, composed another favourite text of artists, Rasamanjari, interpreted as the ‘Bouquet of Delight’.
• Rasikapriya, by Keshav Das translated as ‘The Connoisseur’s Delight’, is replete with complex poetic interpretations and was composed to incite aesthetic pleasure to elite courtiers.
• Kavipriya, another poetic work by Keshav Das, It is a tale of love and its tenth chapter evocatively titled BARAMASA engages with the most enduring climactic description of the 12 months of the year.
• Bihari Satsai, authored by Bihari Lal, constituting 700 verses (satsai), is composed in the form of aphorisms and moralising witticism. The Satsai has been largely painted at Mewar. Texts, such as the RAMAYANA, BHAGVATA PURANA, MAHABHARATA, DEVI
• MAHATMYA and the like were favourites with all schools of painting. A large number of
• Paintings record darbar scenes and historic moments; depict hunting expeditions, wars and victories; picnics, garden parties, dance and music performances; rituals, festivals and wedding processions; portraits of kings, courtiers and their families; city views; birds and animals.

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Sub-Schools of Rajasthani Miniature Painting

1. Mewar School of Painting

• The Mewar School is widely associated with an early dated set of Ragamala paintings painted at Chawand in 1605 by an artist named Nisardin.
• The reign of Jagat Singh I (1628–1652) is recognised as the period when pictorial aesthetics got reformulated under virtuoso artists Sahibdin and Manohar, who added new vitality to the style and vocabulary of Mewar paintings.
• Sahibdin painted the Ragamala (1628), Rasikapriya, Bhagvata Purana (1648) and the Yuddha Kanda of Ramayana (1652), a folio of which is discussed here.
• Manohar’s most significant work is that of Bal Kanda of Ramayana (1649). Another exceptionally gifted artist, Jagannath, painted the Bihari Satsai in 1719, which remains a unique contribution of the Mewar School.
• Other texts like Harivamsha and Sursagar were also illustrated in the last quarter of the seventeenth century.
• Mewar painting in the eighteenth century increasingly became secular and courtly in ambience.
• Rajasthan was affected by the mughals but mewar did not come under their control up to the last.
• This was the reason the Rajasthani school developed in PUREST FORM IN MEWAR.

2. Bundi School of Painting

• In the 17th century, bundi is remarkable for its unblemished colour sense and excellent formal design.
• Bundi Ragamala dated 1591, assigned to the earliest and formative phase of Bundi painting, has been painted at Chunar in the reign of Bhoj Singh.
• The Bundi school blossomed under the patronage of two rulers—Rao Chattar Sal, and his son Rao Bhao Singh .
• Bundi paintings during the 18th century appear to have imbibed Deccani aesthetics, such as love for bright and vivid colours. Last stages of painting at Bundi are best exemplified by several wall paintings in the palace.
• A distinct feature of Bundi and Kota School is a keen interest in the depiction of lush vegetation; picturesque landscape with varied flora, wildlife and birds; hills and thick jungles; and water bodies. It also has a series of fine equestrian portraits.

3. Jodhpur School of Painting

• In Jodhpur school the presence of Mughals since the 16th century, influence of their visual aesthetics.
• One of the earliest sets painted in Pali is a Ragamala set by artist Virji in 1623.
• A productive period of painting was ushered in by Maharaja Jaswant Singh (1638–1678) in the mid–seventeenth century.
• The last phase innovative of Jodhpur painting coincided with the reign of Man Singh (1803–1843) where significant sets painted during his time are the Ramayana (1804), Dhola-maru, Panchatantra (1804) And Shiva Purana.

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4. Bikaner School of Painting

• Rao Bika Rathore established one of the most prominent kingdoms of Rajasthan, Bikaner, in 1488.
• In the reign of Anup Singh, Ruknuddin was the master artist, painted significant texts, such as the RAMAYANA, RASIKAPRIYA AND DURGA SATPSATI.
• Ibrahim, Nathu, Sahibdin and Isa were other well-known painters in his atelier.
• A Prevailing Practice In Bikaner Was To Set Up Studios Called Mandi, Where A Group Of Artists Worked Under The Supervision Of A Master Artist – Ruknuddin, Ibrahim And Nathu Managed Some Of These Professional Studios.
• Portraits of artists is unique to the Bikaner School and most of them are inscribed with information regarding their ancestry they are referred to as Ustas or Ustad.
• Ibrahim’s studio appears to be most prolific as his name occurs on different sets of Baramasa, Ragamala and Rasikapriya.
• Royal archival day-to-day diaries, and numerous inscriptions on Bikaner paintings make it one of the best documented schools of painting.

5. Kishangarh School of Painting

• Widely held among the most stylised of all Rajasthani miniatures, Kishangarh paintings are distinguished by their exquisite sophistication and distinct facial type exemplified by arched eyebrows, lotus petal shaped eyes slightly tinged with pink, having drooping eyelids, a sharp slender nose and thin lips.
• Mid–seventeenth century under the patronage of Man Singh artists were already working in the Kishangarh court.
• Krishna Lila Themes became personal favourites for the rulers of Kishangarh.
• Sawant Singh’s most celebrated and outstanding artist was Nihal Chand and composed paintings on Sawant Singh’s poetry that portrayed the theme of divine lovers—Radha and Krishna.

6. Jaipur School of Painting

• The Jaipur School of painting originated in its former capital Amer. Mughal influence was clearly visible in Jaipur school.
• Under Sawai Jai Singh, Jaipur School of paintings thrived under his reign and emerged as a well-defined independent school – also invited eminent craftsmen and other artists to settle down in Jaipur and reorganised the Suratkhana (the place where paintings were made and stored).
• Artists during his reign painted sets based on Rasikapriya, Gita Govinda, Baramasa And Ragamala, where the hero’s figure is in striking resemblance with the king.
• Famous painter, of his atelier was Sahibram and Muhammad Shah .
• In 18th century, under the aspiration of Sawai Pratap Singh (1779–1803) reformulated with the blend of Mughal and indigenous stylistic features – Splendour, literary and religious themes, such as Gita Govinda, Ragamala, Bhagvata Purana,etc., got renewed stimulus.
• By the early 19th century, there was a lavish use of gold. Jaipur preferred large size formatsand produced life-size portraits.

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Subject Matter

• Both religious and romantic themes are painted beautifully in miniature paintings of Rajasthan.
• As a religious subject matter artist chosen the episode from Bhagwat Puran, Ramayan, Geet-Govind, Sur-Sagar etc.
• Barah-Masais also painted beautifully in Rajasthani miniature painting. Radha and Krishna is beautifully painted in both religious and romantic themes.
• The painters was also beautifully depicted court scene, battle scene, hunting scene and royal portraits.

The Main Characteristics or features of Rajasthani School of Miniature Painting :-

1. In Rajasthani miniature painting artist use bright and brilliant colours such as red, orange, bright green and blue.
2. Male and female figures have long nose, oval shaped face, elongated fish like eyes and the female figures painted slim flexible and tall like creeper.
   • The male figure used to wear loose fitting garments, pataka and turban on their head.
   • Female figure used to wear loose skirt, choli and transparent chunri.
3. In rajasthani paintings, birds and animals have been drawn in decorative style where is elephant, horse are drawn naturally under the influence of Mughals.
4. Trees are ornamental, flowers have been drawn in bunches.
5. Hills and mountains have been depicted in Persian style.
6. Figures have been drawn in group in a dramatic fusion.
7. To show night scene only the colour of sky has been changed. Moon and stars have been painted on them and other things are as usual like day scene.
8. Raga-Mala paintings are distinct features of rajput miniature painting, which are painted enormously. Raga-Mala paintings are pictorial representation of Indian Raga and Ragini.
9. The total space in the painting has been divided by the use of different colours in different shapes.
10.  Use of decorative, minute and rhythmic outline is an important feature of Rajasthani miniature painting.

Paintings in the Rajasthani School of Miniature Painting

S. No	Topic	Link
1	The Rajasthani Schools of Painting	Click Here
2	The Pahari Schools of Painting	Click Here
3	The Mughal School of Miniature Painting	Click Here
4	The Deccan Schools of Painting	Click Here
5	The Bengal School of Painting	Click Here
6	The Modern Trends in Indian Art	Click Here

MARU RAGINI

Artist– Sahibdin
School – Rajasthani school
Sub- school- Mewar
Medium– Water colour on paper
Technique– Tempera
Subject Matter- Maru Ragini from Mewar is one of the important painting in Ragamala paintings series. Maru Ragini, classifies Maru as the ragini of Raga Shri and describes her physical beauty and its effect on her beloved.

Description-
Maru Ragini is a painting from the series of Ragamala paintings made by Sahibdin the court painter of Mewar. In this painting the king with his queen is riding a camel in a yellow desert background. Both the king and queen are wearing highly ornamental dress and jewelleries.
Background is painted in light washes of green colour. The camel is leading by an attendant who carries a stick on his hand. Two escorts are moving on the foreground, who are carrying sticks in their hands, swords and daggers in their sashes. A hunting dog is running ahead of two escorts.

The sky is deep blue. The dresses of all the figures painted in a manner so that it looks transparent. Some inscriptions are written in Devnagari characters on the top of the painting.
Collection- National museum New Delhi

CHAUGHAN PLAYER

Artist– Dana
School– Rajasthani school
Sub school– Jodhpur
Medium– Watercolour on paper
Technique– Tempera
Subject Matter– This painting, depicting a princess playing Polo (Chaugan) with companions, by artist Dana represents Jodhpur painting of Man Singh’s reign.

Description-
The painting is inscribed with a line on the upper portion that istranslated as, “beautiful maidens on horsebacks, playing”.
The two horses in the upper section of the painting are galloping towards each other, while the horses in the lower section are moving in the opposite direction. They all are dressed in Rajput costume. The group is trying to tackle a ball with their long polo stick.

The horses are painted in different colours. The ladies have rounded forehead, their eyes are elongated and their skirts are spreads out like bell with the movement of their action. A little foliage in the foreground is rendered in stylized manner against a flat green background. The painting is full of dynamic movement.
Collection- National Museum, New Delhi

KRISHNA ON SWING

Artist– Nuruddin
School– Rajasthani school
Sub school– Bikaner
Medium– Watercolor on paper
Technique-Tempera
Subject Matter- This painting, is an illustration of Rasikapriya which presents a stark and simple composition with minimal and suggestive representation of architecture and elements of landscape.

Description-
An architectural pavilion in the upper part of the painting pictorially qualifies that space as the ‘palatial interior’, while few trees on the green grassland suggest ‘outdoors and pastoral’ landscape. The cult of Radha and Krishna was very popular in the kingdoms of Rajasthan.

In this vertical composition Krishna is shown on a swing at the top left side of the painting and in the top right side a royal female figure (Gopi) issitting on a carpet. Both the figures are composed in royal palace.

In the lower section of the painting, Krishna is sitting in the left side of a garden and in the right side a female figure is drawn beautifully. In between both of the figure another female figure in standing and approaching Krishna in a lyrical manner.

Krishna is coloured with blue and all female figures are light yellow. All the figures are dressed in Rajput costume. Background of this painting is light blue and foreground is light washes of green.
Collection- National Museum, New Delhi

RADHA BANI THANI

Artist– Nihalchand
School– Rajasthani school
Sub school– Kishangarh
Medium– Watercolour on paper
Technique– Tempera
Subject Matter– Bani Thani was Raja Sawant Singh’s muse for the poetry he wrote, celebrating the love of Radha and Krishna. He writes about her in a poem Bihari Jas Chandrika, which became the basis for Nihal chand’s painting of Bani Thani, thus, representing a blending of poetry and painting. Sawant Singh is said to have been passionately in love with a young singer, who was accorded the title ‘Bani Thani’, the bewitching lady of fashion, because of her unparalleled beauty and elegance.

Description-
This is one of the well known painting of Rajasthani miniature from a small state of Kishangarh. The exaggerated facial type of Kishangarh, which becomes the distinctive and salient stylistic feature of the Kishangarh School,is believed to have been derived from the attractively sharp facial features of Bani Thani. This painting of Bani-Thani is a highly stylized portrait of Radha made during the kingship of Raja Sawant Singh.

Face of Radha is elongated; she has pointed nose and chin, arched shaped eyebrows and thin red lips. Her black curly hair hanging down to the waist and her long tempering finger of left hand is holding two lotus bud. With her right hand she is holding the edges of her chunri which is decorated with golden motifs. Dress and jewelleries are reflects the fashion of contemporary Rajput royalty. The background is painted in deep blue. The effect of transparent chunri is painted wonderfully.

Collection-National Museum, New Delhi

BHARAT MEETS RAMA AT CHITRAKUT

Artist– Guman
School– Rajasthani School
Sub school– Jaipur
Medium– Watercolour on paper
Technique– Tempera
Subject Matter- Bharat was away when Rama was sent to exile. After the passing away of Dashratha, overcome with grief and filled with remorse, Bharat along with the three mothers, sage Vasishtha and courtiers visits Rama to persuade him to return to Ayodhya.

Description-
This painting of Ramayana by Guman, made between 1740 and 1750, is a classic example of a continuous narrative. This painting is depicts a scene from Ramayan, when Bharat come to Chitrakut to meet Rama with his three mothers. (After the passing away of Dashratha, overcome with grief and filled with remorse, Bharat along with the three mothers, sage Vasishtha and courtiers visits Rama to persuade him to return to Ayodhya). Artist Guman begins the narrative from the left and ends it on the right. There are all together forty-nine figures are composed in different groups in this painting.

A scene is reflecting the episode of Bharat to take back Rama to Ayodhya from Chitrakut. In the right lower corner Rama listening to Vashishtha about his father’s death. Another composition in middle Rama meets his mothers accompanied by Lakshman and Sita. In another composition Rama meets to his three mothers.

All female figures are in white saris except Sita. She is wearing a red sari. Jungle scene is depicting behind of this composition. A prospectively drawn house is depicting in the background. The use of different shades of green colour is speciality of this painting.

Collection- National Museum, New Delhi

12th Rajasthani Miniature P… by sandy Boi

Keywords: The Rajasthani Schools of Painting, CBSE, CBSE Class 12 notes, CBSE Class 12 Finearts Notes, class 12 painting notes, fine arts class 12 notes,

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