Plant Kingdom Quiz
1. Which of the following is not true for algae?
Explanation: Algae are primarily aquatic organisms, found in both freshwater and marine environments. While some may grow on moist terrestrial surfaces, they are not exclusively terrestrial. They do play ecological roles, possess pigments, and have a thalloid (undifferentiated) body.
2. Which of the following contains chlorophyll?
Explanation: All listed organisms in option (1) are photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll. Kelps are brown algae, diatoms are chrysophytes, and dinoflagellates are dinoflagellates; all are capable of photosynthesis. Options (2), (3), and (4) also contain organisms with chlorophyll, but the question asks “Which of the following contains chlorophyll?” and option (1) is a valid set. The provided answer key states (1).
3. Which of the following description does not apply to phaeophyta?
Explanation: Phaeophyta (brown algae) are predominantly marine algae, not freshwater. Fucoxanthin is their characteristic accessory pigment, they store food as mannitol (and laminarin), and their body can be filamentous or thalloid.
4. The sex organs of algae are generally :
Explanation: The sex organs of algae are typically unicellular and lack a sterile jacket layer, unlike the multicellular and jacketed sex organs found in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
5. Algin and carageenin are obtained respectively from:
Explanation: Algin (alginic acid) is a hydrocolloid obtained from brown algae (Phaeophyceae), while carrageenin is obtained from red algae (Rhodophyceae). Both are used commercially as thickeners and stabilizers.
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6. Pigments present in red algae are :
Explanation: Red algae (Rhodophyceae) contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d, and the characteristic red pigment r-phycoerythrin, which gives them their red color. Fucoxanthin is found in brown algae.
7. Complex post fertilization development is seen in which algae : –
Explanation: Red algae (Rhodophyceae) exhibit complex post-fertilization developments, including the formation of carposporophytes and other specialized structures, which are more elaborate than those found in other algal groups.
8. Presence of pyrenoids is character of algae, a pyrenoid consists of ?
Explanation: Pyrenoids are sub-cellular microcompartments found in the chloroplasts of many algae. They are primarily associated with carbon dioxide fixation and starch synthesis, consisting of a proteinaceous core surrounded by starch plates.
9. Stored food of red algae and green algae are, respectively : –
Explanation: The stored food in red algae (Rhodophyceae) is floridean starch, which is structurally similar to amylopectin and glycogen. In green algae (Chlorophyceae), the stored food is typically starch.
10. Bacteriophages usually contain : –
Explanation: Most bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) have double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as their genetic material.
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11. Viroid contains : –
Explanation: Viroids are infectious agents that consist of a single, circular, low molecular weight RNA molecule, and they lack a protein coat.
12. Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by : –
Explanation: Potato spindle tuber disease (PSTVd) is a well-known plant disease caused by a viroid.
13. Which of the following is not found in virus?
Explanation: Viruses are acellular and do not possess a cell membrane. They consist of genetic material (nucleic acid) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid), which is made up of smaller protein subunits called capsomeres.
14. In symbiotic association between algae and fungi which one is not correct about lichen : –
Explanation: Lichens are excellent pollution indicators because they are highly sensitive to pollution and *do not* grow in polluted areas. Their absence indicates pollution. The other statements accurately describe the symbiotic relationship in lichens.
15. In mycorrhiza : –
Explanation: In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus extends its hyphae into the soil, increasing the surface area for absorption of water and minerals (especially phosphorus) for the plant. In return, the plant provides sugars (produced through photosynthesis) to the fungus.
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16. Bryophytes have :
Explanation: In bryophytes, the dominant phase of the life cycle is the haploid gametophyte. The sporophyte is smaller, short-lived, and remains attached to and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.
17. The leafy member of liverwort having tiny leaf – like appendages in two rows on the stem – like structure is : –
Explanation: *Porella* is a genus of leafy liverworts characterized by having small, leaf-like appendages arranged in two rows on a stem-like axis. *Marchantia* and *Riccia* are thalloid liverworts, and *Polytrichum* is a moss.
18. The plant body of Mosses is : –
Explanation: Mosses have a more differentiated plant body than algae, showing structures like stem-like axes and leaf-like appendages, even though they lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They are generally more differentiated than liverworts but less than ferns.
19. The heart shaped prothallus in homosporous species of pteridophytes is : –
Explanation: In homosporous pteridophytes, the spores germinate to form a small, heart-shaped, free-living gametophyte called a prothallus. This prothallus is typically monoecious, meaning it bears both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs.
20. Choose the incorrect statement from the following
Explanation: Not all gymnosperms are monoecious (having both male and female cones on the same plant). Some, like *Cycas*, are dioecious (male and female cones on separate plants). All gymnosperms are heterosporous and show seed habit. Many are adapted to dry conditions (xerophytes).
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21. The functional megaspore of gymnosperm germinate : –
Explanation: In gymnosperms, the functional megaspore germinates and develops into the female gametophyte *within* the megasporangium (nucellus), which is retained on the sporophyte. It does not germinate in the soil.
22. Which of the following is not a character of all divisions of vascular plants ?
Explanation: Vascular plants include Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. While all have a sporophytic main plant body, vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), and differentiation into root, stem, and leaves (though true roots/stems/leaves are absent in some primitive pteridophytes), only Gymnosperms and Angiosperms form seeds. Pteridophytes reproduce by spores and do not form seeds.
23. Choose the correct statement from the following : –
Explanation: *Cycas* (a gymnosperm) has persistent leaves that remain on the plant for several years. *Pinus* generally lacks vessels in its xylem (except in some specialized cells). *Alsophila* is a tree fern, not the smallest pteridophyte (*Azolla* or *Salvinia* are smaller). All gymnosperms are heterosporous, not homosporous.
24. Choose the correct statement
Explanation: Gametophytes of all plant groups (algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms) are non-vascular. Pteridophytes are not completely successful land plants as they still require water for fertilization. Sporophylls bear sporangia, not sex organs directly. Not all sporophytes are differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves (e.g., bryophyte sporophyte).
25. Match the column I with column II regarding to angiosperms : –
Column – I Column – II
(A) Megasporangium (i) Pollen sac
(B) Microsporophyll (ii) Pistil
(C) Microsporangium (iii) Ovule
(D) Megasporophyll (iv) Stamen
Explanation: (A) Megasporangium is the ovule. (A-iii) (B) Microsporophyll is the stamen (bears microsporangia). (B-iv) (C) Microsporangium is the pollen sac. (C-i) (D) Megasporophyll is the pistil (carpel, bears ovules). (D-ii)
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26. Choose the correct one : –
Explanation: In angiosperms, during double fertilization, one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote (which develops into the embryo). The other male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus (central cell) to form the primary endosperm nucleus, which develops into the endosperm.
28. Which of the following is not correctly matched?
Explanation: *Polysiphonia* is a red alga (Rhodophyceae). Red algae lack flagellated stages entirely, meaning their gametes are non-motile. Gemma cups are found in *Marchantia*. *Chlorella* is a unicellular green alga. Brown algae do produce biflagellate zoospores and gametes.
29. (A) Main plant body is Gametophyte .
(B) The gametophyte is differentiated into true roots, stems and leaves .
(C) Their sporophyte lacks vascular bundles .
(D) Macrophyllous plant is selaginella.
How many statements from A to D are correct about pteridophyta : –
Explanation: Let’s evaluate each statement for Pteridophyta: (A) Main plant body is Gametophyte. (Incorrect – Main plant body is sporophyte in pteridophytes) (B) The gametophyte is differentiated into true roots, stems and leaves. (Incorrect – Gametophyte (prothallus) is thalloid, not differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves) (C) Their sporophyte lacks vascular bundles. (Incorrect – Pteridophytes are the first vascular plants, so their sporophyte has vascular bundles) (D) Macrophyllous plant is selaginella. (Incorrect – *Selaginella* has microphylls; macrophylls are found in ferns) Therefore, 0 statements are correct.
30. Which one of the following is not found in fern gametophyte?
Explanation: The fern gametophyte (prothallus) is a small, photosynthetic, thalloid structure that possesses chlorophyll, rhizoids for anchorage, and sex organs (antheridia and archegonia). However, it lacks vascular tissue.
31. Which one of the following is a correct statement
Explanation: Heterospory in some pteridophytes (e.g., *Selaginella*, *Salvinia*), where megaspores are retained within the megasporangium and germinate there, is considered a precursor to the seed habit seen in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Protonemal and leafy stages are characteristic of moss gametophytes, not pteridophytes. Female gametophytes in gymnosperms are not free-living. Antheridia and archegonia are present in pteridophytes.
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33. Thallus of brown algae is divided into three parts as
Explanation: The body of a large brown alga (like *Laminaria* or *Fucus*) is typically differentiated into a holdfast (for attachment), a stipe (stalk), and a frond (leaf-like photosynthetic part).
35. Select the correct statement : –
Explanation: *Sequoia sempervirens* (coast redwood) is indeed one of the tallest tree species and belongs to the gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are exclusively heterosporous. *Salvinia* is a pteridophyte, not a gymnosperm. Gymnosperm leaves are generally well-adapted to extreme climates (e.g., needle-like leaves of conifers).
36. Presence of archegonium is a common feature of : –
Explanation: Archegonia (female sex organs) are characteristic features of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms. They are absent in algae, fungi, and angiosperms (where the female gametophyte is highly reduced within the ovule).
37. In which of the following option all listed genera belongs to the same class of Algae ?
Explanation: *Volvox*, *Spirogyra*, and *Chlamydomonas* are all examples of green algae (Chlorophyceae). (1) *Chara* (green), *Fucus* (brown), *Polysiphonia* (red) – different classes. (3) *Porphyra* (red), *Ectocarpus* (brown), *Ulothrix* (green) – different classes. (4) *Sargassum* (brown), *Laminaria* (brown), *Gracillaria* (red) – different classes.
38. Identify and count the number of members of green algae from given box.
Chara, Volvox, Spirogyra, Albugo, Azotobacter, Fucus, Marchantia, Ulothrix
Explanation: Green algae: *Chara*, *Volvox*, *Spirogyra*, *Ulothrix*. (4 members) Others: *Albugo* (fungus/oomycete), *Azotobacter* (bacterium), *Fucus* (brown alga), *Marchantia* (bryophyte).
39. How many plants in the given below list are the vascular embryophytes?
Spirogyra, Volvox, Fucus, Polysiphonia, Polytrichum, Sphagnum, Marchantia, Funaria, Selaginella, Equisetum .
Explanation: Vascular embryophytes are plants that have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and form an embryo during development. This includes Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. From the list: * Algae (*Spirogyra*, *Volvox*, *Fucus*, *Polysiphonia*) – Not embryophytes, not vascular. * Bryophytes (*Polytrichum*, *Sphagnum*, *Marchantia*, *Funaria*) – Embryophytes, but non-vascular. * Pteridophytes (*Selaginella*, *Equisetum*) – Both are vascular embryophytes. (2 members) Therefore, there are 2 vascular embryophytes.
40. Which one of the following sentence is not true for Bryophytes?
Explanation: Bryophytes exhibit sporic meiosis (alternation of generations), where the diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte, which then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of organisms with a haploid life cycle (e.g., some algae). Bryophytes are amphibians of the plant kingdom, non-vascular embryophytes, and their gametophyte develops from germinating spores.
41. Mention the ploidy level of followings : –
(a) Protonemal cell of moss.
(b) Rhizoidal cell of prothallus.
(c) Leaf cell of moss.
(d) Gemma cell in Marchantia .
(e) Endosperm of Pinus .
(f) Leaf cell of fern.
Options : –
Explanation: (a) Protonemal cell of moss: Moss gametophyte is haploid (n). (b) Rhizoidal cell of prothallus: Fern prothallus (gametophyte) is haploid (n). (c) Leaf cell of moss: Moss gametophyte is haploid (n). (d) Gemma cell in *Marchantia*: Gemmae are vegetative propagules of the haploid gametophyte (n). (e) Endosperm of *Pinus*: Gymnosperm endosperm is formed before fertilization from the haploid female gametophyte (n). (f) Leaf cell of fern: Fern sporophyte (main plant body) is diploid (2n). So, the ploidy levels are n, n, n, n, n, 2n respectively.
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43. Match the following Column – I and Column – II
Column – I Column – II
A . Gelidium i Complex post fertilisation development
B . Fucus ii Fucoxanthin
C . Polysiphonia iii Agar – Agar
Explanation: A. *Gelidium* is a red alga from which Agar-Agar is obtained. (A-iii) B. *Fucus* is a brown alga containing fucoxanthin. (B-ii) C. *Polysiphonia* is a red alga that exhibits complex post-fertilization development. (C-i)
44. The life cycle of Bryophyta is haplo – diplontic type, it means that –
Explanation: In haplo-diplontic life cycles, both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) phases are multicellular. In bryophytes, the haploid gametophyte is the dominant, free-living phase, while the diploid sporophyte is multicellular but dependent on the gametophyte.
45. Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching : –
(A) (B)
Explanation: This question refers to an image, which is excluded as per instructions. However, based on the answer key, Laminaria and Fucus are common examples of brown algae.
46. Which option is not related with phaeophyceae?
Explanation: Floridean starch is the stored food in red algae (Rhodophyceae). In Phaeophyceae (brown algae), food is stored as laminarin and mannitol. The other options are characteristic features of brown algae.
47. Match the column given below :
Column – I Genus Column – II Class
a . Adiantum i . Sphenopsida
b . Lycopodium ii . Pteropsida
c . Equisetum iii . Psilopsida
d . Psilotum iv . Lycopsida
correct option is :
Explanation: a. *Adiantum* (Maidenhair fern) belongs to Pteropsida (ferns). (a-ii) b. *Lycopodium* (Clubmoss) belongs to Lycopsida. (b-iv) c. *Equisetum* (Horsetail) belongs to Sphenopsida. (c-i) d. *Psilotum* (Whisk fern) belongs to Psilopsida. (d-iii)
48. Pteridophyta have advancement over bryophyta in : –
Explanation: Pteridophytes are considered more advanced than bryophytes because they possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) and have true roots (as well as stems and leaves), which bryophytes lack. Both groups still require water for fertilization.
49. The spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical region, because : –
Explanation: The limited geographical distribution of pteridophytes is due to two main factors: their gametophytes require specific cool, damp, and shady conditions to grow, and they still depend on water for the transfer of male gametes during fertilization.
50. Angiosperm range in size from the smallest __ _____ to tall tree of _______.
Explanation: Angiosperms exhibit a vast range in size. *Wolffia* is the smallest known flowering plant, while *Eucalyptus regnans* (mountain ash) is one of the tallest known angiosperm trees.
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51. Among the following , which is not characteristic feature of bryophytes :
Explanation: The sporophyte of bryophytes is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition and is not photosynthetically independent. Bryophytes do have motile sperms, archegonia, and require water for fertilization.
52. The main plant body of bryophytes is …A… . It produces …B…, hence is called a …C… . Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option for A, B and C.
Explanation: The main plant body of bryophytes is haploid (A). It produces gametes (B), and therefore is called a gametophyte (C).
53. Study the given algae and answer the following question.
(a) Name of algae
(b) Name of division
(c) Stored food
Explanation: This question refers to an image, which is excluded as per instructions. However, based on the answer key, *Fucus* is a brown alga (Phaeophyceae) that stores food as laminarin.
54. Which one of the following is not an ecological importance of moss ?
Explanation: *Sphagnum* (a moss) has a high water-holding capacity and is used as packing material for trans-shipment of living materials. This is an economic/commercial importance, not strictly an ecological one. The other options describe ecological roles of mosses.
55. Match the following (Column – I with Column – II)
Column – I Column – II
(a) Chlamydomonas (i) Moss
(b) Sequoia (ii) Pteridophyte
(c) Selaginella (iii) Algae
(d) Sphagnum (iv) Gymnosperm
Explanation: (a) *Chlamydomonas* is an Alga. (a-iii) (b) *Sequoia* is a Gymnosperm. (b-iv) (c) *Selaginella* is a Pteridophyte. (c-ii) (d) *Sphagnum* is a Moss (Bryophyte). (d-i)
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56. Choose the incorrect match
Explanation: *Equisetum* (horsetail) is a homosporous pteridophyte, meaning it produces only one type of spore. *Cycas* is dioecious. *Funaria* (moss) has a free-living gametophyte. *Selaginella* is heterosporous and shows features considered a precursor to the seed habit.
57. Find the incorrect from the following : –
Explanation: Spores of bryophytes germinate to form the free-living *gametophyte*, not sporophyte. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte of mosses is indeed more elaborate than liverworts. *Funaria* and *Sphagnum* are mosses. Spores are produced by meiosis within the capsule of the sporophyte.
58. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilisation development found in:
Explanation: Red algae (Rhodophyceae) exhibit oogamous sexual reproduction and are characterized by complex post-fertilization developments, including the formation of carposporophytes.
59. Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of : –
Explanation: Phycobilins (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin) are accessory photosynthetic pigments found in red algae (Rhodophyceae) and cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae/Blue-green algae).
60. Unbranched stem is found in –
Explanation: *Cycas* (a cycad, gymnosperm) typically has an unbranched stem. *Pinus* and *Cedrus* (conifers, gymnosperms) have branched stems.
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61. Unlike Bryophytes & Pteridophytes, in Gymnosperms the male & female gametophyte do not have an independent free living existence because ……
Explanation: In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes are highly reduced and are retained within the sporangia on the sporophyte. They do not have an independent, free-living existence.
62. Alga rich in protein is
Explanation: *Chlorella* is a unicellular green alga known for its high protein content and is often used as a single-cell protein source. *Spirulina* (a cyanobacterium) is also very rich in protein, but *Chlorella* is the best option among the choices provided for algae.
63. Which is the non embryonic plant group ?
Explanation: Embryophytes are plants that form an embryo during their life cycle (Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms). Algae do not form an embryo and are therefore considered non-embryophytic.
64. “Gemmae” are multicellular green structures for vegetative propagation. These are found in gemma cups present on –
Explanation: Gemmae are specialized asexual reproductive structures found in gemma cups on the thallus of certain liverworts, most notably *Marchantia*.
65. Find the mismatched pair w.r.t. plants
Explanation: Angiosperms (flowering plants) are spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants), but they are *not* archegoniate. The archegonium is absent in angiosperms; the female gametophyte is highly reduced and contained within the ovule. Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms are archegoniate.
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66. Bryophytes are also called Amphibians of plant kingdom because …..
Explanation: Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they can live on land but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction (for the transfer of male gametes).
67. The members of rhodophyceae are commonly called red algae because they are
Explanation: Red algae (Rhodophyceae) get their characteristic red color from the abundance of the accessory pigment r-phycoerythrin.
68. _______ the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissue: –
Explanation: Pteridophytes are considered the first terrestrial plants to evolve and possess true vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
69. Read the following paragraph and fill in the blanks with appropriate words : –
In pteridophytes the main plant body is ___(A)____ which bears sporangia that are subtended by leaf – like appendages called ___(B)___. The sporangia produce spores by ___(C)___ and after germination of spores, they give rise to photosynthetic gametophytes called ___(D)___.
Choose the correct option : –
Explanation: In pteridophytes, the main plant body is the **Sporophyte** (A), which bears sporangia subtended by leaf-like appendages called **Sporophylls** (B). The sporangia produce spores by **Meiosis** (C), and after germination, these spores give rise to photosynthetic gametophytes called **Prothallus** (D).
70. Fusion between one large, nonmotile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete such type of fertilization occurs in –
Explanation: This type of sexual reproduction, characterized by a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete, is called oogamy. Oogamy is found in *Volvox* (a green alga) and *Fucus* (a brown alga). *Ulothrix* can show isogamy or anisogamy. *Spirogyra* shows conjugation (a type of isogamy).
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71. In pteridophytes, spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes, called : –
Explanation: The free-living, photosynthetic gametophyte of pteridophytes, formed from the germination of spores, is called a prothallus. Protonema is the filamentous stage in mosses.
72. “Horse tail” is a –
Explanation: “Horsetail” is the common name for plants belonging to the genus *Equisetum*, which are a type of pteridophyte.
73. Xylem and phloem first appeared in
Explanation: Pteridophytes are the first group of plants to possess true vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, which are essential for efficient transport of water and nutrients.
74. Selaginella and Salvinia are ______ _____ Pteridophyte.
Explanation: *Selaginella* and *Salvinia* are examples of heterosporous pteridophytes, meaning they produce two different types of spores: microspores (which develop into male gametophytes) and megaspores (which develop into female gametophytes).
75. Branched stem is the property of :
Explanation: *Pinus* and *Cedrus* (conifers) typically have branched stems. *Cycas* (a cycad) usually has an unbranched stem.
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76. Flower, fruit and seeds are produced in –
Explanation: Angiosperms (flowering plants) are characterized by the production of flowers, fruits (which enclose the seeds), and seeds. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds but no flowers or fruits. Pteridophytes and Bryophytes reproduce by spores.
77. Which pigment is responsible for the characteristic brown coloration of Phaeophyceae?
Explanation: Fucoxanthin is the dominant accessory pigment in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and is responsible for their characteristic brown color.
78. Brown algae are mostly found in:
Explanation: Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are almost exclusively found in marine environments, particularly in cooler, temperate coastal waters.
79. Which of the following is a common example of brown algae?
Explanation: *Fucus* is a well-known genus of brown algae. *Ulva* and *Chlamydomonas* are green algae, and *Spirogyra* is also a green alga.
80. Brown algae have a unique structure called a holdfast, which is used for:
Explanation: The holdfast in brown algae is a root-like structure that anchors the alga to a substrate (like rocks) but does not absorb nutrients or perform photosynthesis.
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81. The primary storage polysaccharide in brown algae is:
Explanation: The primary storage carbohydrates in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are laminarin (a polysaccharide) and mannitol (a sugar alcohol).
82. The air bladders found in brown algae serve the function of:
Explanation: Air bladders (pneumatocysts) are gas-filled sacs found in many brown algae. Their primary function is to provide buoyancy, allowing the photosynthetic parts of the thallus to float closer to the water surface to maximize light exposure.
83. The cell walls of brown algae contain a unique polysaccharide known as:
Explanation: The cell walls of brown algae are composed of cellulose and algin (alginic acid). Algin is a unique polysaccharide that contributes to the flexibility and strength of their cell walls. Chitin is found in fungi, and laminarin is a storage polysaccharide.
84. Brown algae belong to class ?
Explanation: Brown algae are classified under the class Phaeophyceae. Chlorophyceae are green algae, Rhodophyceae are red algae, and Bacillariophyceae are diatoms.
85. Which of the following statements about brown algae is false?
Explanation: Brown algae are predominantly multicellular and can be very large and structurally complex (e.g., kelps). They are primarily marine and possess chlorophyll a and c, along with fucoxanthin.
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86. The unique reproductive structures of brown algae contain:
Explanation: Brown algae exhibit sexual reproduction, which can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous. In oogamous forms, they produce male gametangia (antheridia) and female gametangia (oogonia). Sporangia produce spores, and zoospores are a type of motile spore. Alternation of generations describes their life cycle, not a specific reproductive structure.
87. Assertion : The members of phaeophyceae or brown algae are found primarily in marine habitats.
Reason : Brown algae possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls.
Explanation: Both the assertion (brown algae are primarily marine) and the reason (they possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls) are true statements. However, the presence of specific pigments does not explain *why* they are primarily found in marine habitats. Their marine habitat preference is due to other ecological and physiological adaptations.
88. Assertion : The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts.
Reason : The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss have single set of chromosome.
Explanation: The assertion that the sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverworts is true. The reason that the predominant stage of a moss life cycle has a single set of chromosomes (i.e., the gametophyte is dominant and haploid) is also true. However, the ploidy of the dominant stage does not explain the complexity of the sporophyte. The complexity of the sporophyte is an evolutionary trend within bryophytes.
89. Assertion : Free – living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus in bryophytes.
Reason : Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species belong to angiosperm
Explanation: Assertion: The free-living, photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus are found in *pteridophytes*, not bryophytes. Bryophyte gametophytes are also thalloid but are not typically called prothallus in the same context. (False) Reason: *Sequoia* is one of the tallest tree species, but it belongs to *gymnosperms*, not angiosperms. (False) Therefore, both assertion and reason are false.
90. Assertion: The gymnosperms are heterosporous.
Reason : The two kinds of spores are produced on different types of sporangia that are borne on different types of sporophylls.
Explanation: The assertion that gymnosperms are heterosporous (producing two different types of spores: microspores and megaspores) is true. The reason correctly explains this by stating that these two kinds of spores are produced in different types of sporangia (microsporangia and megasporangia) which are borne on different types of sporophylls (microsporophylls and megasporophylls).
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91. The members of rhodophyceae are commonly called red algae because of the predominance of the –
Explanation: The characteristic red color of Rhodophyceae (red algae) is due to the abundance of the red pigment r-phycoerythrin.
92. Fusion between one large, nonmotile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed as _____________.
Explanation: Oogamy is a type of sexual reproduction involving the fusion of a large, non-motile female gamete (egg) and a smaller, motile male gamete (sperm).
93. Bryophytes are plants which can live in soil but are dependent on water for_____________.
Explanation: Bryophytes are dependent on water for sexual reproduction because their motile male gametes require a film of water to swim to the archegonium and fertilize the egg.
94. Roots in some genera of gymnosperm have fungal association in the form of _____________.
Explanation: Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of higher plants. This association is common in some gymnosperms (e.g., *Pinus*). Mycobiont is the fungal component of a lichen, and phycobiont is the algal component.
95. Select the correct option about given diagram: –
Explanation: This question refers to an image, which is excluded as per instructions. However, based on the answer key, the statement “The male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent free – living existence” is a characteristic of gymnosperms.
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96. Which of the following diagrams represents flowering plant : –
Explanation: This question refers to an image, which is excluded as per instructions. However, based on the answer key, only option D represents a flowering plant.
97. Which of the following is not correct about given diagram?
Explanation: This question refers to an image, which is excluded as per instructions. However, based on the answer key, the statement “Its needle – like leaves reduce the surface area” is likely incorrect for the depicted organism. Needle-like leaves are characteristic of conifers (gymnosperms), not typically pteridophytes. The other statements are generally true for pteridophytes.
98. Identify A , B and C in given below diagram .
Explanation: This question refers to an image, which is excluded as per instructions. However, based on the answer key, the labels A, B, and C correspond to leaves, roots, and stem respectively.
99. Unbranched stem is characteristic of which gymnosperm ?
Explanation: *Cycas* is a gymnosperm characterized by an unbranched stem. *Pinus* and *Cedrus* have branched stems. *Lycopodium* is a pteridophyte.
100. Both thallophyta and bryophyta are most correctly termed as : –
Explanation: Thallophytes (algae) and bryophytes are both cryptogams (plants that reproduce by spores and do not produce seeds or flowers). Crucially, neither group possesses vascular tissue, making them non-vascular cryptogams. Phanerogams are seed-bearing plants.
101. Non motile gametes formation has been observed in the algal members belonging to: –
Explanation: Red algae (Rhodophyceae) are unique among algae in that they completely lack flagellated stages, meaning both their male and female gametes are non-motile. Green algae (Chlorophyceae) and brown algae (Phaeophyceae) typically have motile gametes.
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